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New Kind of Science | ||
A New Kind of Science is a book by Stephen Wolfram, published in 2002. It contains an empirical and systematic study of computational systems such as cellular automata. Wolfram calls these systems simple programs and argues that the scientific philosophy and methods appropriate for the study of simple programs are relevant to other fields of science. | Новый Вид Науки - книга Стивена Уолфрэма, изданная в 2002. Она содержит эмпирическое и систематическое исследование вычислительных систем, таких как клеточные автоматы. Уолфрэм называет эти системы простыми программами и утверждает, что научная философия и методы, используемые для исследования простых программ, могут применяться и к другим областям науки. | |
Contents | ||
1 Computation and its implications | ||
2 Simple programs | ||
3 Mapping and mining the computational universe | ||
4 Systematic abstract science | ||
5 Philosophical underpinnings | ||
5.1 Principle of computational equivalence | ||
6 Applications and results | ||
7 NKS Summer School | ||
8 NKS Conferences | ||
9 Reception | ||
9.1 Scientific philosophy | ||
9.2 Methodology | ||
9.3 Utility | ||
9.4 Principle of computational equivalence | ||
9.5 The fundamental theory | ||
9.6 Natural selection | ||
9.7 Originality and self-image | ||
10 See also | ||
11 References | ||
12 External links | ||
Computation and its implications | ||
The thesis of A New Kind of Science is twofold: that the nature of computation must be explored experimentally, and that the results of these experiments have great relevance to understanding the natural world. Since its crystallization in the 1930s, computation has been primarily approached from two traditions: engineering, which seeks to build practical systems using computations; and mathematics, which seeks to prove theorems about computation (albeit already in the 1970s computing as a discipline was described as being at the intersection of mathematical, engineering, and empirical/scientific traditions ). | Основная идея книги "Новый вид науки" двоякая: то, что сущность теории вычислительных машин должна быть исследована экспериментально, и что результаты этих экспериментов обладают большим значением для понимания окружающего нас мира. С момента своего зарождения в 30-е годы теория вычислительных машин в основном соприкасалась с двумя традициями: инженерной, стремящейся опираясь на нее строить реальные системы; и математической, стремящейся доказывать вычислительные теоремы (хотя в 70-е годы теория вычислительных машин как дисциплина уже описывалась как находящаяся на пересечении математических, инженерных и научно-эмпирических традиций) | |
Wolfram describes himself as introducing a third major tradition, which is the systematic, empirical investigation of computational systems for their own sake. This is where the "New" and "Science" parts of the book's title originate. However, in proceeding with a scientific investigation of computational systems, Wolfram eventually came to the conclusion that an entirely new method is needed. Traditional mathematics was failing to describe the complexity seen in these systems meaningfully. Through a combination of experiment and theoretical positioning, the book introduces a new method that Wolfram argues is the most realistic way to make scientific progress with computational systems. This difference in method casts A New Kind of Science as a "kind" of science, and allows its principles to be potentially applicable in a wide range of fields. |
— Фамилия Wolfram есть Вольфрам см. статью Wikipedia Стивен Вольфрам — DmitryVinogradov